In order to further refine the DNA extraction experiment, the authors extracted and examined the DNA of the exocarp, mesocarp, endocarp, and seeds of the L. lucidum fruit. Extraction of DNA from seeds demonstrated exceptional efficacy, yielding DNA with high concentration and quality, thereby fulfilling the demands of species identification. To improve DNA extraction from *L. lucidum*, this study optimized the experimental method, highlighting the seed as the ideal tissue source for DNA extraction, and designating ycf1b-2 as its specific DNA barcode. This study established a groundwork for the market's regulation of *L. lucidum*.

The CRISPR/Cas9 system relies heavily on the U6 promoter to initiate sgRNA transcription. The genomic DNA of Panax quinquefolium served as the source for cloning seven PqU6 promo-ter sequences, followed by an investigation into their capacity to activate transcription. This study involved the cloning of seven PqU6 promoter sequences, each approximately 1300 base pairs in length, from the adventitious roots of P. quinquefolium plants cultivated for five weeks. Sequence characteristics of PqU6 promoters were analyzed using bioinformatics tools, and fusion expression vectors of the GUS gene, driven by the PqU6-P, were subsequently constructed. To detect activity, the Agrobacterium tumefaciens method was used to transform tobacco leaves. Following 5' end truncation, the seven PqU6 promoters exhibited lengths of 283, 287, 279, 289, 295, 289, and 283 base pairs, respectively. To ascertain promoter activity, vectors bearing GUS as the reported gene were engineered and then used to transform P. quinquefolium callus and tobacco leaves. The gDNA of P. quinquefolium contained seven PqU6 promoter sequences (PqU6-1P to PqU6-7P), each of which exhibited a length between 1246 and 1308 base pairs after cloning procedures. The results of the sequence comparison on the seven PqU6 promoter sequences and the AtU6-P promoter demonstrated the presence of both USE and TATA boxes, which are indispensable elements impacting the transcriptional activity of the U6 promoter. The seven PqU6 promoters' transcriptional activity was confirmed through GUS staining and enzyme activity test results. The PqU6-7P, measuring 1,269 base pairs in length, exhibited the highest transcriptional activity, 131 times greater than that of the positive control P-35S. Significant differences in transcriptional activities were noted in tobacco leaves and P. quinquefolium callus when the 5'-ends of the seven PqU6 promoters (PqU6-1PA to PqU6-7PA) were removed. P. quinquefolium callus displayed a 159-fold greater transcriptional activity for the PqU6-7PA promoter (283 bp) than for the AtU6-P promoter (292 bp). In light of the findings, CRISPR/Cas9 technology in ginseng and other medicinal plants now has more desirable endogenous U6 promoters.

Frequency analysis of data from 100 types of cultivated Chinese herbal medicines and their use in treating 56 ailments enabled a deeper understanding of disease and drug use characteristics. This paper consequently analyzed the state of drug registration and monitoring standards for disease prevention and control in Chinese herbal medicine. The results indicated that 14 diseases, comprising root rot, powdery mildew, and drooping disease, frequently impacted Chinese herbal medicine production. A breakdown of the 99 reported pesticides shows that 6768% were chemically synthesized, 2323% were biological pesticides, and 909% were mineral pesticides. The reported pesticides, for the most part (92.93%), displayed low toxicity and were relatively safe. Although a substantial percentage, precisely 70%, of manufactured drugs were not recorded in the Chinese herbal medicine database, the occurrence of overdosing presented a significant concern. The present pesticide residue monitoring standards in China do not properly align with the country's pharmaceutical production practices. The Maximum Residue Limit of Pesticide in Food Safety National Standard (GB 2763-2021)'s concordance with production drugs, exceeding 50%, unfortunately fails to cover a broad spectrum of Chinese herbal medicines. The degree of concordance between the 2020 edition of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia, the Green Industry Standard for Medicinal Plants and Preparations (WM/T2-2004), and manufactured pharmaceuticals, is a mere 128%. The research and registration of Chinese herbal medicine production should be expedited, and the pesticide residue limit standard should be further improved, taking into account real-world production situations, thereby fostering high-quality development in the Chinese herbal medicine industry.

The Fusarium culmorum, F. graminearum, F. tricinctum, and similar fungal species produce the toxic, estrogenic metabolite, zearalenone (ZEN). The presence of ZEN during pregnancy, whether consumed or encountered, may contribute to reproductive issues such as miscarriage, stillbirth, malformations, and severe risks to human life and health. Liquid chromatography (LC) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) are the detection methods outlined in the 2020 edition of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia for ZEN, stipulating that no more than 500 grams of ZEN can be present in 1000 grams of Coicis Semen. MSAB Despite the instrumental methods' ability to provide qualitative and quantitative analysis of ZEN content within Coicis Semen, the high cost and extended periods of analysis prevent a rapid field screening of a substantial number of samples. In the course of this study, the synthesized ZEN hapten was bonded to bovine serum albumin (BSA) and ovalbumin (OVA) to yield the complete ZEN antigen. Autoimmune kidney disease Employing antibody preparation methods, a ZEN monoclonal antibody, 4F6, was developed, exhibiting cross-reactivity with ZEN structural analogs, zearalanol (1775%), zearalenone (1371%), and -zearalenol (1097%), respectively, while demonstrating no cross-reactivity with other fungal toxins like aflatoxin. To quantify ZEN in Coicis Semen, a direct competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (dcELISA) was constructed using monoclonal antibody 4F6. This assay achieved an IC50 of 13 g/L and a measurable range from 0.22 to 2192 g/L. Global ocean microbiome The recoveries ranged from 8391% to 1053%, while the RSD fell between 44% and 80%. Employing the validated dcELISA method, ZEN residues were determined in nine batches of Coicis Semen samples, further corroborated by LC-MS. A strong correlation of 0.9939 was observed between the two detection methods, suggesting the suitability of the established dcELISA for rapid qualitative and quantitative analysis of ZEN residues in Coicis Semen.

Enzymatic modification of exogenous compounds through microbial transformation is an efficient strategy for generating derivatives. In contrast to traditional chemical synthesis, microbial transformation possesses distinct advantages, including exceptional regioselectivity and stereoselectivity, and a lower environmental and economic impact on the production process, facilitating reactions unattainable via chemical synthesis. Microbes, due to their comprehensive enzymatic toolkit for processing a wide range of substrates, are not just a significant route for discovering novel bioactive agents, but also a practical in vitro method for mimicking the metabolic processes of mammals. Artemisinin, a notable antimalarial agent extracted from Artemisia annua L., comprises a sesquiterpene structure with a distinctive peroxy-bridged functional group. Studies in pharmacology have revealed that artemisinin and its derivatives display a diverse range of biological actions, encompassing anti-malarial, anti-neoplastic, anti-viral, anti-inflammatory, and immune-regulatory properties. Structural modification of artemisinin and its derivatives using microbial transformation has recently become a highly popular strategy, resulting in the discovery of a considerable number of novel derivatives. This paper reviewed the microbial conversion of artemisinin and its derivatives, encompassing microbial strains, cultivation conditions, product isolation, yield, and biological activities, and summarized advances in microbial transformation for obtaining active artemisinin derivatives and mimicking in vivo drug metabolism.

Advances in medicine have fostered a significant understanding of the complex interplay of factors in disease pathogenesis. The primary aim in contemporary drug design is to discern the complete mechanism of action and therapeutic outcome of medications from a macroscopic perspective. Yet, the standard procedures for pharmaceutical development fail to meet the present-day stipulations. Metabolomics, genomics, and proteomics, among other new technologies, have found increasing use in drug research and development in recent years, driven by the rapid advancement of systems biology. Computer-aided drug design (CADD), playing the role of a mediator between traditional pharmaceutical principles and modern scientific methodologies, can decrease the drug development cycle and enhance the success rate of drug design. Systems biology and CADD's application offers a methodological path towards a comprehensive understanding of drug mechanism and action. This paper offers a multifaceted analysis of systems biology's research and application within CADD, highlighting promising avenues for future development and thereby aiding practical implementation.

Mammary gland hyperplasia, a benign breast ailment, exhibits an altered structural organization of the breast. The rate of breast hyperplasia in females is incrementally increasing annually, indicating a relationship with the hormonal imbalance between estrogen and progesterone. Breast cancer's development might be influenced by psychological stress, accompanied by symptoms like breast pain, breast nodules, or nipple discharge. Accordingly, it is both opportune and effectively mandatory for individuals to treat the presenting symptoms. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) frequently utilizes oral drugs, external applications, acupuncture, moxibustion, and massage to treat breast hyperplasia, in contrast to Western medicine, which typically resorts to hormonal therapy or surgical interventions.